A Junior Penetration Tester supports security assessments by running vulnerability scans, documenting findings, and assisting in basic exploitation tasks under close supervision. Typical work includes using tools such as Nmap, Nessus, Burp Suite, or Metasploit for reconnaissance and vulnerability validation. Juniors help prepare reports, follow testing checklists, and shadow senior testers during engagements. The focus is on learning methodologies (OWASP, PTES) and developing accuracy in documenting vulnerabilities and remediation steps.

A Semi-Senior Penetration Tester independently executes penetration testing engagements on defined systems or applications. Responsibilities include performing exploitation of web apps, networks, and APIs, writing custom scripts in Python or PowerShell, and generating detailed technical and executive reports. They also create and refine testing methodologies, work directly with clients or internal IT teams, and ensure findings are translated into actionable remediation. Familiarity with frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK and advanced tools such as Cobalt Strike or Empire is expected at this stage.

A Senior Penetration Tester leads complex red team operations and advanced exploit development. They design custom attack scenarios, simulate real-world adversaries, and evaluate defenses across networks, cloud environments, and mobile applications. Senior testers supervise engagements, mentor juniors, and coordinate with SOC and incident response teams to validate detection capabilities. They also present findings to executives, refine methodologies for emerging technologies, and may contribute to open-source security tools or vulnerability research. Expertise in reverse engineering, exploit development, and advanced evasion techniques is common at this level.

Through leadership and strategy, the Penetration Testing Manager oversees offensive security programs across the organization. Responsibilities include defining testing roadmaps, managing red team and penetration testing teams, and ensuring alignment with compliance frameworks such as PCI-DSS, HIPAA, or ISO 27001. The role involves budgeting for security tools, evaluating third-party providers, and reporting risk exposure to executives. Managers also drive adoption of automation platforms, coordinate with blue teams to improve defenses, and foster a culture of proactive security testing. By aligning offensive security with business objectives, they ensure resilience against evolving cyber threats.